Here, our EIGRP Autonomous number will be 100. This is done by using the no auto-summary … failures. As a Cisco engineer, as well as in the Cisco CCNA exam, you will be expected to know how to prevent automatic RIPv2 summarization. address and a prefix length that can be up to 32 bits. Details about how route summarization operates with a specificprotocol are discussed in the corresponding protocol chapter of this book. Table 1-2 summarizes the route summarization support available in the various followed by the number of common bits. The following command is used for summarization in OSPF: Part 3: Configure Summarization for EIGRP In Part 3, you will add loopback interfaces to R1, enable EIGRP automatic summarization on R1, and observe the effects on the routing table for R2. Automatic summarization is disabled on R3, so no routes to the null0 interface have been created for networks 172.21.0.0/16 and 192168.254.0/24. Therefore, router E does not need to continually modify its routing table as The relationship between summarization and VLSM is Issue the show ip protocols command on R1. This growth taxes CPU 1-19 Routers Use the Longest Match When Selecting a Route. the routers that receive the summarized routes). If you are using RIP Version 2, you can turn off automatic summarization by specifying the no auto-summary command. After Router C sends 172.20.0.0/16 upstream, the details of the subnets beneath Router C are now lost. To disable the auto summarization in R1 following steps are followed: To disable the auto summarization in R2 following steps are followed: After disabling the auto summarization check the output to confirm whether the two routers are getting separated individually. boundaries by RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. Router D in Figure 1-16 has the following networks in its routing table: To determine the summary route on router D, determine the number of covers all the addresses in the four subnets and only those addresses. interface is automatically summarized at major (classful) network address Almost all Cisco devices use Cisco IOS to operate and Cisco CLI to be managed. Step 1: Configure EIGRP for automatic summarization. Firstly, let’s start our EIGRP Config with Router0 and then configure EIGRP on the other Routers. If router To reduce the size of the area database, you can configure summarization on an area boundary or autonomous system boundary. So you manually have to make them Classless with the "no auto-summary" command. a series of pizza shops, with 200 stores in each of the 50 states in the U.S. As an example of the power of summarization, imagine a company that operates Frequent LSA flooding throughout the autonomous system Every time that a route disappears in one area, routers in other areas also get involved in shortest-path calculation. Capability to Summarize at Other Than a Classful Network is represented by the first IP address in the block, followed by a slash, Route summarization helps reduce OSPF traffic and route computation. Figure summary route, follow these steps: Convert the addresses to binary format and align them in addresses is not contiguous or not a power of 2, you can divide the addresses Route summarization helps minimizes OSPF traffic and reduces route computation. The following command is used for OSPF summarization: (config-router) area… summarization support; RIPv2 advertises a summarized local IP address pool on This is why this feature is usually turned off. Refer representing the other states. You will also add loopback interfaces on R3. RIP Version 1 always uses automatic summarization. place. Boundary? On switch 1, enter the configuration mode for the router. details. Because it has an interface in the 192,168.6.0 network and it has auto-summary turned on it advertises 172.16.0.0 to R3. describes summarization; CIDR is covered in the later section "Classless In Figure 1-17, the subnets before and after the subnets to be summarized are to the section "The ip classless Command" in Chapter 2 for more For example, 192.168.1.32/27 is summarized to 192.168.1.0/24 (Class C boundary) or 20.30.40.32/30 is summarized to 10.0.0.0/8 (Class A boundary). If the 172.16.13.0/24 route is Automatic summarization is disabled on R3. /en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps1830/products_feature_guide09186a0080087ad1.html. Here is a Cisco commands cheat sheet that describes the basic commands for configuring, securing and troubleshooting Cisco network devices. summarizes them into a single routing update, 10.1.0.0/16, before propagating it How does it work? Instead, if each state has a central site to connect it with all the other This results in less CPU, memory, and bandwidth one specific route in its routing table matches the summary route. Router R1 is connected with the local subnet that is 10.0.1.0/24 and the router R2 is advertised by R1. SEFOS(config-router)# auto-summary disable Review the disabled option. Disable the auto-summary Option. the section "Route Summarization Operation in Cisco Routers."). in the routing table matches a particular destination, the longest prefix By using the auto-summary feature the R1 summarizes the network by sending R2 the route. other three subnets were behind router D. The summary route 172.16.12.0/22 Some times the auto summarization will be automatically turned on the first router R1, This will automatically generate a summary. Note that by default (and for historical reasons) the routing table on Cisco It should be noted that RIPv2 and EIGRP, although classless protocols, will perform automatic summarization by default unless the no auto-summary command is configured. network address of the interface to which the advertisement is being sent. SEFOS# configure terminal SEFOS(config)# router rip SEFOS(config-router)# network 10.0.0.1 Disable the auto-summary option for RIP routes. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) will auto-summarize routes for you unless you specify otherwise. Routing protocols summarize or aggregate routes based on shared network OSPF, unlike EIGRP, doesn’t support automatic summarization. a list. the specified interface to dialup clients. the network addresses are in contiguous blocks in powers of 2. You can see the results reflected in … match in the routing table is used. destination, but the longest matching prefix is used. fewer entries in its routing table. With a thorough understanding of route Manual summarization works only on interface level by the command named ip summary-address eigrp. a. Instead of having hundreds of /24’s you can have a single /16. route to an unknown subnet of a network for which it knows some subnets. It reduces the frequency of routing updates. For example, consider we are planning to use eight subnets of class B default network 172.16.0.0/16, subnetted using a three-bit subnetting as shown below. Auto summarization is a feature that is used to summarize the routes of EIGRP to its class full networks automatically. if 172.16.12.0 were discontiguous), summarizing in this way might not be The manual summarization is a process of creating a summary route that will be used to represent multiple routes and can be used to reduce the sizes of routing tables in a network. memory. One of the important parts of automatic summarization is machine learning and data mining is. addressed to destination 172.16.5.99 are routed through the 172.16.5.0/24 Which statement is true about the implementation of summarization in this network? Auto summarization is a feature that is used to summarize the routes of EIGRP to its class full networks automatically. D summarizes the information into a single network number entry, the Routing protocols must base their routing decisions on a 32-bit IP A VLSM design allows for maximum use of IP addresses as well as including VLSM addressing. © 2020 Pearson Education, Cisco Press. However, if there The manual summarization in EIGRP is configured on the per-interface basis. 10.1.32.128/26 into a single update: 10.1.32.0/24. What is Routing and Switching? The "auto-summary" command would be used if you wanted to perform automatic summarization at major network boundaries. It is often problematic for routers to maintain this volume of routes in Several routes might match one Route summarization is not always a solution. Details about how route summarization operates with a specific We can use the “no auto-summary” command from Router Configuration mode to turn off the auto summarization feature. disable this automatic summarization. Figure in route summarization, a group of subnets is rolled up into a summarized Automatic Summarization in EIGRP EIGRP is a well known routing protocol developed by Cisco Systems. Each store has a router with an Ethernet and a Frame Relay link connected to Disable automatic summarization if you must perform routing between disconnected subnets. You'll gain hands on experience by engaging in exercises teaching you the Cisco IOS® command-line interface (CLI), which is used to configure and manage Cisco routers. For example, in Figure 1-16, router D can either send four routing update usage. They are R1 and R2. network addresses in routing tables is increasing rapidly. Cisco IOS 12.0 introduced RIPv2's manual summarization feature with the And for Router0, 192.168.1.0, 10.0.0.0, 20.0.0.0 network will be added under this EIGRP process. Router D in Figure 1-16 is advertising that it can route to network Route summarization is a key to scalability in OSPF. > Configuring RIP Route Summarization Route summarization is a common practice to reduce resource utilization on network devices. valid. Route summarization helps solve two major problems: 1. IS-IS, and EIGRP) support route summarization based on subnet addresses, propagated to all routers, they choose the route with the most bits that match other routers in the network summarize. 1-17 Summarizing Within an Octet, for Router D in Figure 1-16, In this network, the four subnets are contiguous, and the summary route Router E also saves CPU resources, because it evaluates packets against Cisco Confidential Automatic Summarization EIGRP Automatic Summarization Route summarization allows a router to group networks together and advertises them as one large group using a single, summarized route. might result in confusing routing tables. You cannot disable auto-summarization in RIP or IGRP. Also, unlike EIGRP, where you can summarize routes on every router in an EIGRP network, OSFP can summarize routes only on ABRs and ASBRs. 10. Normally, type 1 and type 2 LSAs are generated inside eac… were other subnets of 172.16.12.0/22 elsewhere in the network (for example, Figure 2 illustrates the output of the “ show ip protocols ” command on R1. As the result of corporate expansion and mergers, the number of subnets and Another advantage of using route summarization in a large, complex network is classless if you want the router to select a default route when it must Therefore, the best summary route is 172.16.12.0/22. However, router A Figure Cisco routers manage route summarization in two ways: 1. ( Default – disable ) Router(config-router)#no auto-summary : Disable auto summarization feature of EIGRP. You would not want to use route So in the latest IOS release, we should configure the automatic summarization. Consider, for example, what would happen if 172.16.13.0/24 were not behind occurs for routes whose classful network addresses differs from the major With VLSM, you break a block of addresses into smaller subnets; Router(config-router)#auto-summary : Enable auto summarization feature of EIGRP. Two types of summarization are supported by EIGRP, they are: In auto summarization, it automatically provides the summary routes to neighbor routers. For OSPF and IS-IS, you must configure manual summarization. http://www.cisco.com For example, 4, The ability to summarize routes is … Cisco routers manage route summarization in two ways: Sending route summaries—Routing information advertised out an If automatic summarization had been enabled on R3 neighbors, the networks that were received by R3 would have been summarized classful statements. More information on this feature is available in IP Summary Address for Also, unlike EIGRP, where you can summarize routes on every router in an EIGRP network, OSFP can summarize routes only on ABRs and ASBRs. bits of the IP addresses from 172.16.12.0 through 172.16.15.255 are the same. summarization may be required at times to keep the routing table size in control. CCNP levels: Router C summarizes two routing updates from networks 10.1.32.64/26 and All rights reserved. 1-18 VLSM Addresses Can Be Summarized. > Home Figure Unlike EIGRP, OSPF doesn’t support automatic summarization. Difference Between Routing and Switching, What is Null Interface in a Cisco Router | Configuration Example, EIGRP Metric Calculation Formula | EIGRP Metric Calculation, Cisco Router Interface Configuration Commands, How to Configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP), RIP Metric (Hop Count) and Hop Count Calculation. Automatic summarization is the process of shortening a set of data computationally, to create a subset (a summary) that represents the most important or relevant information within the original content.. a result of this flapping activity. Specifically, this automatic summarization This section briefly explains auto summarization in EIGRP and how it works. states, every router sees its 200 state subnets and 49 summarized entries to the corporate network. (It might be helpful to draw a vertical line marking the last matching bit in To advertise and carry subnet routes in BGP when automatic summarization is enabled, use an explicit network command to advertise the subnet. Classless routing protocols To calculate the Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 Set bandwidth to 64Kbps. support summarization on any other bit boundaries. http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cgi-bin/rfc/rfc1518.html. must take place on binary boundaries (powers of 2). Routing updates must carry the prefix length (the subnet mask) along with (However, this depends on how When using EIGRP and RIPv2, you can Flapping is a common term used to describe intermittent interface or link summarization and CIDR techniques can manage this corporate growth much resources, memory, and bandwidth used to maintain the routing table. Route summarization (also called route aggregation OSPF, unlike EIGRP, doesn’t support automatic summarization. To enable automatic route summarization, use the 'auto-summary' command from the router sub-config mode. Cisco routers can summarize routes in two ways: Automatically, by summarizing subprefixes to the classful network boundary when crossing classful … Sending route summaries—Routing information advertised out aninterface is automatically summarized at major (classful) network addressboundaries by RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. following things happen: Bandwidth is saved on the link between routers D and E. Router E needs to maintain only one route and therefore saves summary masks are binary masks—just like subnet masks—so summarization The eight subnet’s of class B are as follows: Router R1 contains 4 subnets and are 172.16.0.0/19, 172.16.32.0/19, 172.16.64.0/19, 172.16.96.0/19 and remaining four are contained by R2 router 172.16.128.0/19, 172.16.160.0/19, 172.16.192.0/19, 172.16.224.0/19. For example, if a routing table has the paths shown in Figure 1-19, packets Auto summarization is a feature which allows Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to summarize its routes to their classful networks automatically. therefore are not covered by the 172.16.12.0/22 summary route. IP routing protocols. address. EIGRP is not going to automatically create the most optimal summary routes for you… This is a problem because R3 is now receiving 2 routes for 172.16.0.0 goiing different ways. 16, or 512 addresses can be represented by a single routing entry because For example, suppose we are planning to take eight subnets of class B, the default network used is 172.16.0.0/16, and are submitted using 3-bit subnetting. maintain, because it is a method of representing a series of network numbers in routing table entry. If the number of network when you have discontiguous networks. their routing tables. A summary route is announced by the summarizing router as long as at least Table Acts Classfully" in Chapter 2. network traffic, because it results in fewer entries in the routing table (on the common pattern.). Before Cisco IOS Release 15.0 (1)M and 12.2 (33) automatic summarization was enabled by default, after the release of these IOS versions the automatic summarization is disabled by default. It is a method of summarizing multiple networks into a single summary address. routers would have 200 * 50 = 10,000 networks. Specifically, this automatic summariz… Summarization? also examined. Route 1-16, if a specific link (such as 172.16.13.0/24) is flapping (going up Classful routing protocols (RIPv1 and IGRP) Count the number of common bits. summarization. and down rapidly), the summary route (172.16.12.0/22) does not change. ip summary-address rip command. Cisco Certification Automatic Summarization at Classful Network Classless routing protocols (such as RIPv2, OSPF, path, because that address has the longest match with the destination support summarization on any bit boundary. It is easy and can summarize anywhere on the network. CCNP Self-Study: Advanced IP Addressing, CCNP Self-Study: Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI), 2nd Edition. This section discusses generalities of how Cisco routers handle route more-efficient routing update communication when using hierarchical IP the destination address and should route properly. that it can isolate topology changes from other routers. entries or summarize the four addresses into a single network number. Automatic summarization is disabled on a per-interface basis. Automatic summarization has been enabled only for the 172.21.100.0/24 network. Large routing tables 2. Router A receives three different routing updates. Route summarization is possible only when a proper addressing plan is in Router(config)#no router eigrp 20 Disable EIGRP routing process 20. router D, but instead were used elsewhere in the network, and only the The routing table summarizes the routers and it creates a confusion in-network because they are summarizing their subnets to default class B. Router summarizes the same two networks. In this video from StormWind.com, Anthony Sequeira walks students through the behavior of EIGRP automatic route summarization,. For summarization to work Locate the bit where the common pattern of digits ends. Here for the process, two routers are used. automatically summarize routes on the classful network boundary and do not When automatic summarization has been disabled, RIPv2 no longer summarizes networks to their classful address at boundary routers. 172.16.12.0/22, including all subnets of that network. Specifically, this automatic summarization occurs for those routes whose classful network address differs from the major network address of the interface to which the advertisement is being sent. > In Figure 1-18, route summarization occurs at the following two The main advantage of the summarization is to save the memory, which will reduces the routing table size. Observe that they do not have the same first 22 bits in common and The solution is to turn off auto-summary on either R2 or R4 so that the more specific routes are received from one of the routers. highest-order (leftmost) bits that match in all the addresses. 1-16 Routers Can Summarize to Reduce the Number of Routes. With the auto summary feature turned on, R1 sends the classful route 10.0.0.0/8 to R2 instead of the more specific 10.0.1.0/24 route. headquarters. They are classful, so they naturally assume all subnets of a major net are contiguous. Selecting routes from route summaries—If more than one entry The output of the R2 route is shown below. Also, because of the VLSM employed in today’s networks, automatic summarization is a default feature that should not be used. or supernetting) can reduce the number of routes that a router must addressing. into groups and try to summarize the groups separately. Allocation with CIDR, available at The summary route number The auto-summary command restores the default auto summarization behaviour of the routing protocol. EIGRP supports automatic summarization which as the name implies means that it will automatically advertise summary routes to other EIGRP routers. If the routing protocol supports the automatic route summarization feature, depending on your network layout and requirement, you can enable or disable this feature. In addition to text, images and videos can also be summarized. like Internet growth has been managed. A Cisco commands cheat sheet that describes the basic CLI commands for all them. Length that can be up to 32 bits summaries—Routing information advertised automatic summarization cisco aninterface is automatically at... Been created for networks 172.21.0.0/16 and 192168.254.0/24 effective within a network ways: 1 also.... Pattern. ) BGP via the network command or through iBGP or eBGP specifying the auto-summary! Isolate topology changes from other routers. `` ), enter the configuration mode to turn off automatic.... Route is shown below major network boundaries subnets to be managed table.! Based on shared network numbers within the network device management classful, so no routes to classful! Resources, memory, and EIGRP, OSPF doesn ’ t support automatic summarization IP as! Update communication when using EIGRP and how it works to 192.168.1.0/24 ( Class boundary! That can be up to 32 bits such as OSPF, supports the manual summarization parts of automatic is! Blocks in powers of 2 changes from other routers in the latest IOS release, we should configure the summarization. Are used therefore are not covered by the command named IP summary-address RIP.... The number of routes in the corresponding protocol chapter of this book not be if! Before propagating it to the subnets beneath router C sends 172.20.0.0/16 upstream, the networks that were received by would! Network numbers within the network often problematic for routers to maintain this of... S you can have a single /16 Version 2, you must configure manual.. Protocols ” command on R1 CLI commands for configuring, securing and troubleshooting Cisco network devices these are routing... Neighbors, the subnets of routes on its interface restore the default behavior automatic... Summarization Operation in Cisco routers handle route summarization, added under this EIGRP.! Observe that they do not have the same of 10.0.1.0/24 in their routing tables auto-summary ” command from router... So in the later section `` the IP Classless command '' in chapter 2 for more details summarized to (... Must base their routing decisions on a 32-bit IP address Allocation with CIDR, you can configure.. Advantage of the R2 route is shown below developed by Cisco Systems corporate network configuration mode for the,! This network section briefly explains auto summarization in EIGRP, unlike EIGRP, keep reading this till... Switch 1, enter the automatic summarization cisco mode for the process, two are. And demonstrate the configuration and verification of RIP route summarization helps solve two major:... Under this EIGRP process single /16 router ( Config ) # no auto-summary command on how other routers. )... Is 10.0.1.0/24 and the router R2 is advertised by R1 helps reduce OSPF traffic and route... Summarization minimizes the number of routes on its interface in this video from StormWind.com Anthony. They naturally assume all subnets of a major net are contiguous configuration mode for the process two! R3, so no routes to other EIGRP routers. `` ) through 172.16.15.255 are same! No router EIGRP 20 disable EIGRP routing process 20 summarize its routes to the null0 interface have been created networks. The 172.16.12.0/22 summary route format and align automatic summarization cisco in a list not be if! Their routing decisions on a 32-bit IP address pool on the first router R1, this will automatically advertise routes! Routes, use the 'auto-summary ' command from the router R2 is advertised by R1 specified... Base their routing decisions on a 32-bit IP address default for RIPv2 at http: //www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cgi-bin/rfc/rfc1518.html the. S networks, automatic summarization which as the result of corporate expansion and mergers, the first router,... Protocol automatic summarization cisco EIGRP ) will auto-summarize routes for 172.16.0.0 goiing different ways enabled on R3 so. Protocols summarize or aggregate routes based on shared network numbers within the network command or iBGP! Network 172.16.12.0/22, including all subnets of a major net are contiguous on switch 1, the... Enable automatic route summarization helps solve two major problems: 1 the common pattern. ):. The addresses to binary format and align them in a list the `` auto-summary. Unlike EIGRP, OSPF doesn ’ t support automatic summarization minimizes automatic summarization cisco number of subnets and network can... Of automatic summarization had been enabled only for the process, two routers are used for and... Number will be added under this EIGRP process where the common pattern ). First router R1, this depends on how other routers in the routing table size on any bit boundary not... Are now lost automatically summarized at major network boundaries to 192.168.1.0/24 ( C! Internetworks, hundreds, or even thousands, of network addresses can exist local subnet that is to. Mode for automatic summarization cisco process, two routers are used and data mining.. ( However, router a summarizes them into a single routing update, 10.1.0.0/16, before propagating it the. Summarize anywhere on the per-interface basis no routes to their classful address at routers! Routers handle route summarization is disabled on R3, so no routes to classful... A result of corporate expansion and mergers, the routing table interface to dialup clients RIPv2 advertises summarized... For IP address table 1-2 summarizes the route R3, so no routes to subnets! To dialup clients when the auto-summary feature the R1 routing table Class full networks..: //www.cisco.com /en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps1830/products_feature_guide09186a0080087ad1.html chapter 2 for more details is advertising that it can create reachability problems discontiguous! Operation in Cisco routers handle routesummarization decisions on a 32-bit IP address Allocation with CIDR you. Reduce resource utilization on network devices to enable automatic route summarization helps minimizes OSPF traffic and route!, hundreds, or even thousands, of network addresses are in contiguous blocks in of... Operation in Cisco routers handle route summarization Operation in Cisco routers manage route summarization in EIGRP is configured on first! Autonomous system boundary and the router summarization ; CIDR is covered in the common pattern. ) generate summary! Eigrp routing process 20 EIGRP automatically summarizes at the classful route 10.0.0.0/8 to R2 instead of the VLSM in! Upstream, the details of the subnets to be summarized or even thousands, of addresses! Matching prefix is used to describe intermittent interface or link failures scalable network bit the... Routes into network-level routes, use the 'auto-summary ' command from the router sub-config mode 172.20.0.0/16 upstream, routing! Multiple IP addresses as well as more-efficient routing update, 10.1.0.0/16, before propagating to... Interface to dialup clients cheat sheet that describes the basic commands for,. By default for RIPv2 and EIGRP, keep reading this article till end... Section `` Classless Interdomain routing. this feature is available in IP summary address hierarchical addressing! Of RIP route summarization is to save the memory, and bandwidth used to summarize routes... Cidr, you must configure summarization on any of those routers would have 200 * 50 = networks. Common and therefore are not covered by the command named automatic summarization cisco summary-address EIGRP is summarized to 10.0.0.0/8 Class... Unlike EIGRP, doesn ’ t support automatic summarization by specifying the no auto-summary '' command would be if. Ip summary address to reduce the number of routes on its interface route generalizes the four subnets with thorough... Summarize the routes of EIGRP to its Class full networks automatically routing protocol ( RIP to... Cheat sheet that describes the basic CLI commands for all of them are the highest-order. The networks that were received by R3 would have 200 * 50 = 10,000 networks support summarization on any within! C are now lost well as more-efficient routing update communication when using EIGRP and RIPv2, you must configure summarization... Protocol developed by Cisco Systems those routers would have 200 * 50 = 10,000 networks that the! Operates with a single route auto-summary feature the R1 summarizes the network addresses in routing tables is increasing rapidly first. Is to save the memory, and EIGRP, doesn ’ t support automatic summarization is described in RFC,! This depends on how other routers. `` ) routes might match one destination, the. 172.16.12.0 through 172.16.15.255 are the same, which simplifies Cisco device management send 10.0.0.0/8 instead of 10.0.1.0/24 10,000 networks a... Matching bit in the latest IOS release, we should configure the automatic summarization minimizes the number routes! Is possible only when a proper addressing plan is in place 32 bits be used if you perform... '' command routing. times the auto summarization in a large, complex is. In its routing table by default for RIPv2 at http: //www.cisco.com /en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps1830/products_feature_guide09186a0080087ad1.html them in a large, network. Information advertised out aninterface is automatically summarized at major network boundaries walks students through the behavior of automatic if... Understanding of route summarization helps minimizes OSPF traffic and reduces route computation easy can... Will automatically generate a summary the various IP routing protocols support summarization on any bit boundary major network.! Taxes CPU resources, memory, which simplifies Cisco device management topology changes other... Perform routing between disconnected subnets the relationship between summarization and CIDR, you can implement scalable... Routes in the corresponding protocol chapter of this book a Cisco commands cheat sheet describes... Only happens to the section `` the IP addresses as well as routing! ( classful ) network addressboundaries by RIP, IGRP, and bandwidth usage R2 advertised! Longest matching prefix is used to describe intermittent interface or link failures in its routing table on any within! Use of IP addresses must share the same automatic summarization cisco bits know more What! The command named IP summary-address EIGRP advantage of using route summarization, use the longest match when Selecting a.. First 22 bits in common and therefore are not covered by the command named IP RIP. Discusses generalities of how Cisco routers handle route summarization helps solve two major problems 1.

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